Intellectual Property Rights And Digital Pirating

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND DIGITAL PIRATING Luke Telfer STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE The idea of intellectual property can be traced back to ancient Greece with the first known reference involving the protection of culinary recipes developed by chefs. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, â€Å"intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.† The violation of intellectual property rights can take many forms, however the main ethical issue to be examined here is that of digital piracy of copyrighted artistic works and of the variety that involves individual consumption of such material (as opposed to blatant profiteering of the†¦show more content†¦ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS There are several approaches to defending the idea of intellectual property rights, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Such approaches generally take one of three largely teleological forms: personality theory, utilitarian rationale, and Lockean arguments. Each of these forms advocates for the value of intellectual property rights in general and not specifically toward any particular type of intellectual property. Personality Theory Personality-based justifications for intellectual property stem largely from Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s ideas on human will, personality, and freedom. Hegel insists that human will is the fundamental property of existence and that our will is perpetually trying to achieve actuality. This eternal struggle is therefore the essence of personality and it is in part manifested externally through our property. With this view in mind, creative works are necessarily the property of the creator and the creator ought to have complete control over them. This is an important view for many forms of creation, but it is relatively unclear in how it pertains to digital copies of a creation. For example, defacing a classical painting would be seen as immoral even if the perpetrator has legally acquired ownership of the painting because the creator still has certain rights over the creation. However, if a

Savage Journey in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay

Heart of Darkness: Savage Journey Inherent inside every human soul is a savage evil side that remains repressed by society. Often this evil side breaks out during times of isolation from our culture, and whenever one culture confronts another. History is loaded with examples of atrocities that have occurred when one culture comes into contact with another. Whenever fundamentally different cultures meet, there is often a fear of contamination and loss of self that leads us to discover more about our true selves, often causing perceived madness by those who have yet to discover their own self. Joseph Conrad’s book, The Heart of Darkness is a story about Man’s journey into his self, the discoveries to be made there and about†¦show more content†¦Marlow tells us about the Ivory that Kurtz kept as his own, and that he had no restraint, and was a tree swayed by the wind† (Conrad, 209). Marlow mentions the human heads displayed on posts that â€Å"showed that Mr. Kurtz lacked restraint in th e gratification of his various lusts† (Conrad, 220). Conrad also tells us his... nerves went wrong, and caused him to preside at certain midnight dances ending with unspeakable rights, which... were offered up to him† (Conrad, 208), meaning that Kurtz went insane and allowed himself to be worshipped as a god. It appears that while Kurtz had been isolated from his culture, he had become corrupted by this violent native culture, and allowed his evil side to control him. Marlow realizes that only very near the time of death, does a person grasp the big picture. He describes Kurtz’s last moments as though a veil had been rent† (Conrad, 239). Kurtz’s last supreme moment of complete knowledge† (Conrad, 239), showed him how horrible the human soul really can be. Marlow can only speculate as to what Kurtz saw that caused him to exclaim The horror! The horror, but later adds that Since I peeped over the edge myself, I understand better the meaning of his stare... it was wide enough to embrace the whole universe, piercing enough to penetrate all the hearts that beat in the darkness... he had summed up,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1164 Words   |  5 PagesAs Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness eludes to the inverse interpretation of colors as a motif, Francis Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now not only mimics but also portrays through the Vietnam War, the contrasting misguided cru sades of enlightenment that the supreme race forces upon savages. The reversed meanings amongst the colors and entangled description in Heart of Darkness shows how backwards civilization is through the need to enlighten or civilize the natives is flamboyantly flaunted in both theRead MoreEssay on Feminist Theory in Heart of Darkness1199 Words   |  5 PagesMonsters in Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad’s varying depiction of women in his novel Heart of Darkness provides feminist literary theory with ample opportunity to explore the overlying societal dictation of women’s gender roles and expectations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The majority of feminist theorists claim that Conrad perpetuates patriarchal ideology, yet there are a few that argue the novel is gendered feminine. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar claim â€Å"Conrad’s Heart of Darkness†¦penetratesRead More Use of Light and Darkness in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness 1504 Words   |  7 PagesUse of Light and Darkness in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness  Ã‚      Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness contrasts light and darkness, to represent the civilized and uncivilized sides of the world. Conrad uses light to represent the civilized side of humanity while contrasting the dark with the uncivilized and savage. Throughout the thematic stages of the novel, that is the Thames river London, the companys office in Belgium, the journey to the heart of darkness and the conclusion, light andRead More Light and Dark in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay example844 Words   |  4 PagesLight and Dark in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚      Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is a tragic tale of the white mans journey into the African jungle. When we peel away the layers, however, a different journey is revealed - we venture into the soul of man, complete with the darkness of depravity as well as the wonderful. In this essence Conrad uses this theme of light and darkness to contrast the civilized European world with the savage African world in Heart of Darkness. As aforementioned,Read MoreJoseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1488 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Conrad’s s novel Heart of Darkness portrays an image of Africa that is dark and inhuman. Not only does he describe the actual, physical continent of Africa as â€Å"so hopeless and so dark, so impenetrable to human thought, so pitiless to human weakness†, (Conrad 154) as though the continent could neither breed nor support any true human life. Conrad lived through a time when European colonies were scattered all over the world. This phenomenon and the doctrine of colonialism bought into at hisRead More Misleading Interpretations of Conrads Heart of Darkness Essays1186 Words   |  5 PagesMisleading Interpretations of Conrads Heart of Darkness Chinua Achebe, a well-known writer, once gave a lecture at the University of Massachusetts about Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, entitled An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness. Throughout his essay, Achebe notes how Conrad used Africa as a background only, and how he set Africa up as a foil to Europe,(Achebe, p.251) while he also projects the image of Africa as the other world, the antithesis of Europe andRead MoreHeart of Darkness1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe immortality and blindness to a dark continent Joseph Conrad’s s novel â€Å"Heart of Darkness† portrays an image of Africa that is dark and inhuman. Not only does he describe the actual, physical continent of Africa as â€Å"so hopeless and so dark, so impenetrable to human thought, so pitiless to human weakness†, (Conrad 2180) as though the continent could neither breed nor support any true human life. Conrad lived through a time when European colonies were scattered all over the world. This phenomenonRead MoreComparative Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis: â€Å"Heart of Darkness† â€Å"Apocalypse Now† Student: Mora Vandenbroele Teacher: Azucena Estigarribia Year: 11th â€Å"A† â€Å"Heart of Darkness† vs. â€Å"Apocalypse Now† It is very interesting how humans are so intrigued about the evilness in the world, and the dedication of some men to compare Hell with the Earthly horror. Joseph Conrad, a genius writer, took his time to show this with his masterpiece â€Å"Heart of Darkness† that wasRead MoreContradicting Symbolism in Joseph Conrads quot;Heart of Darknessquot;915 Words   |  4 Pages Joseph Conrad utilizes several important literary techniques throughout his story Heart of Darkness. One predominant method of his storytelling is the use of contrasting sensory imagery between black and white and altering the symbolism the colors entail. This theme is clearly prevalent when we read of Marlows childhood dreams and when comparing and contrasting the Africans, the Europeans, and the corruption of the ivory trade. Generally, Africa and Africans are described in terms ofRead MoreHeart Of Darkness Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Conrads novel Heart of Darkness uses character dev elopment and character analysis to really tell the story of European colonization. Within Conrads characters one can find both racist and colonialist views, and it is the opinion, and the interpretation of the reader which decides what Conrad is really trying to say in his work. Chinua Achebe, a well known writer, once gave a lecture at the University of Massachusetts about Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, entitled An image of Africa:

Dance Hall Of The Dead Book Report free essay sample

Throughout the book, many detectives were given false information that loud attempt to point them in the wrong direction. The next important character of this book is the twelve year old Gun boy that was murdered. His name is Ernest ACTA, who was a very important child to the Badger Clan, who all thought he would grow up to be a natural leader in the community. Ernest was selected by his community for the honor of being the Little Fire God at the Shalom festival. Ernest was apparently open minded, and the least prejudice person of all the Gun community.Next important people are the Bowlegs family. There is the father Shorts Bowlegs, the youngest brother Cecil Bowlegs, and finally the other of the rooters George Bowlegs. According to Loophole, Shorts was a major alcoholic. Loophole also said he seemed to be a loving father, but his alcohol deterred often deterred most of his great actions. He eventually was killed during sometime in the book. Cecil Bowlegs according to Loophole was a very young but brave Navajo boy that he misinterpreted to being George Bowlegs, Cells brother.Cecil was a very cautious person when it came to anyone who worked for the authorities, which made it a really hard challenge for Loophole to get information about the case. Throughout the book, Loophole had to essentially lie to Cecil to try ND gain his trust. Cecil caught on to his tactics, which lead to him having to apologize for lying to the boy and lead to him treating him with much more respect. After Cells father died he truly entrusted himself in Loophole. George Bowlegs is best known as Reenters best friend who was a Navajo. George seems to be growing up with a tough life, knowing that his mother ran away and his father being a raging alcoholic. To further this problematic situation, George is attending a Gun school where is suffering from very discriminatory actions from his fellow students. George was seen as a role del for Cecil. George was hunting for food for both his brother and father, and became a successful hunter Of both styles Of the Gun and the Navajo. The next character of importance is the man who Lieutenant Loophole determined through his investigation that murdered Shorts Bowlegs, George Bowlegs, and Ernest ACTA His name is DRP.Reynolds. Loophole has uncovered through his investigations that DRP. Reynolds was a well-known anthropologist that had planted fake arrowheads at an archeological dig site that he was supposedly funding for his upcoming protog, Ted Isaacs. With hat being said, Loophole believes this the reason why DRP. Reynolds killed Ernest, George, and Shorts, to prevent anyone from finding out the truth behind what he had done. The last important person to the story is the Gun Chief of Police De Piquant. When Loophole is dead certain that DRP.Reynolds was the killer, he went right to the chief. De then doesnt even make an attempt to arrest DRP. Reynolds. Coincidentally this leads Loophole to tell the Gun of the murder of Ernest ACTA, George Bowlegs, and Shorts Bowlegs. This is when the Gun found DRP. Reynolds, and killed him for killing one of their own, Ernest ACTA. In the beginning of the book, we learn of who Ernest ACTA was and how he ended up being murdered. Ernest was a young boy that was selected by his people, the Gun, to be the Qualities, also known as the little fire god, at the festival of Shalom.Then the writer goes on to explain that the fire god must be in shape, if he isnt Gun people would beat him with their wands. We also meet George here, we find out that he wanted to know the secrets of the Gun people and this tended to make Ernest angry. Then one night that Ernest running along one of his routes, he thought George would be waiting for him, UT to his dismay it was an ancestor spirit that only one sees when they are about to die. Finally we get to meet the Lieutenant that is going to be investigating the murder of Ernest ACTA.His name is Lieutenant Joe Loophole who is a Navajo Dine policeman. One of the first things that Loophole did was he went to try and investigate Reenters best friend George. But in return this is when he ended up meeting Cecil, Georges younger brother, who was a Navajo also. Loophole then tries to get some answers our of Cecil, but Cecil is very skeptical of law enforcement figures, especially since he thinks that he s trying to find his brother George who they may think killed Ernest. Cecil tends to think otherwise from Loopholes investigation.Loophole then goes to where Cecil has pointed out that Ernest and George had stolen some artifacts from, which took him to an archeological dig site. He meets Ted Isaacs and DRP. Reynolds, the two who want to prove DRP. Reynolds theory that some Folsom men have artistic arrowhead styles that were credited to other such cultures in a form of error. After he hears about the theory, Loophole then asks about if he has seen Ernest and George. DRP. Reynolds then tells Loophole that he had chased the two boys out of his dig site so that they wouldnt destroy or tamper with anything.Loophole asked if they had stolen anything and he claimed that they did not, which doesnt add up to what Cecil had told him before he went to the dig. A couple days after the death of Ernest Cater authorities have determined that it was indeed a homicide, Ernest was murdered. Loophole then started to investigate where he was murdered. While he was there, Loophole had used his excellent tracking skills and discovered the many tracks he found. He found Reenters uncles, who found Ernest, the chief of polices, Georges boots, and finally an unknown track made from a moccasin.According to one of the details Loophole found, it is to his understanding that the killer and Ernest had a stare down before he was eventually murdered. Then to finalize his investigation, he doesnt think that George killed Ernest. Loophole then reflected back on what his grandfather Instabilities had taught him. He told him that the only goal for man was beauty, and that beauty was found only in harmony, and that this harmony of nature was a matter of dazzling complexity. His grandfather told him that all patterns are caused by action and reaction and by cause and effect.The term he told him was in all things a pattern, and in this pattern, the beauty of harmony. Thus one learned to live with evil, by understanding it, by reading its cause. Thus one learned, gradually and methodically, if one Was lucky, to always go in beauty, to always look for the pattern, and to find it. All of these terms led Loophole to think back on the evidence that he had and try to connect someone with what happened to Ernest. Near the middle of the book, Loophole went back to interview Shorts Bowlegs. When he went inside, he was trying to remember what he was wearing and how he was acting.When Loophole opened the door, the only thing he saw was Shorts lying face down with a knife wound to his back. This is also when he noticed that two horses had been missing, but one returned and Cecil had arrived back to the Hogan. The other he assumed was missing from George taking it to wherever he may be hiding. The only thing left for Loophole to do is to start interrogating the students that George went to school with to see if he can find his whereabouts. Looking back on all the information Loophole has, he now has a double minced, and the only person that may truly know what is going on is missing.He reflects that he doesnt think that George is the killer because of the mysterious moccasins he seen at the scene of the murder of Ernest. If it were the case of George, he would have had to switch shoes which didnt really make sense to Loophole. The only key part of this investigation is he needs to either find George the murderer, or George the future victim of a double homicide. About three-fourths the way through the book, Loophole finally has a lead from Father Mingles that makes him believe he has headed to the Dance Hall of he Dead.Amazingly on the way he finds Susanne hitchhiking down the road, which he uses to his advantage because he knows George, would talk to her if they were to find him. After they arrive Loophole uses his excellent tracking skills to find the horse tracks from the missing horse at the Bowlegs Hogan, which h e ends up finding. Then after he found the tracks, he knew that George was an excellent hunter and that he needed food, so Loophole was to track the nearest deer tracks and hopefully those will lead to Georges hopeful location.Finally near the end of the book, Loophole was at the festival, trying to let people know that he has given up looking for George. Just as he was about to call it quits, he sees George standing on a balcony across from him. Loophole obviously went into pursuit to try and catch him, but by the time he got to the alley he saw George go in, he heard a loud shot. When he found George, he was dead, and all he seen was his body and a feather from a Colombia mask. He then followed the tracks from the killer, and saw two moccasin tracks had captured the killer and this is when he realized that the investigation was all over.Loophole never told Maloney who the killer was, but thought maybe nee day he will send him a note explaining who the killer was. This was a very interesting and very well illustrated and detailed book. I am not one to read books but I am glad you assigned these to us. Was surprised to See that the killer wasnt George to say the least. He lasted how long out on the run from a professional tracker and from a man who wanted to make sure he wouldnt unfold his fake important dig. It was also very intriguing to see it was DRP. Reynolds, and how they incorporated him into the story.It all revolved around the Gun/Navajo ways and it showed me a lot about how hey all will do anything for their own culture. The only thing I thing that made it difficult for police to help solve a case is when they dont give any details or the will to work with the police. For example, Cecil would not help Loophole because he worked for the police and he was even a fellow Navajo. I also see this being an issue anywhere around us today. You have those who still own land and they cherish that within their community. They have their own ways of policing and don t really let others interfere with anything on their land.

Impact of Sarbanes Oxley

Question: Describe the impact of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 on the development of corporategovernance rules in a selected country of your choice ( Please note the focus should on thedevelopment after the 2002 Act). Answer: Executive Summary The entire report can be created to represent the audit issues which had occurred in the US for conducting an act. The act is named as Sarbanes-Oxley Act. An audit opinion mainly indicates the adequate primary controls as well as the financial statements of the entire company. It indicates about the complete, accurate with the applicable accounting standers. The first portion of the report shows the major issues occurred for the act. After that, the report shows the current accounting standers related to audit and briefly discussed all the objectives and opinion related to the standers. The report also depicts the entire relationship between auditor and client on the Auditor-Client Relationship portal. Lastly, it shows the significant impact of the act which needed to develop the corporate governance role of US. Introduction The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was established in the month of July, 2002 and introduced a huge change in the area of the business governance as well as the financial practice. It is crucially introduced after Senator Paul Sarbanes with a Representative named Michael Oxley where it set some fixed deadlines for fulfillment. The main expectation of SOX is to be the cure because of the unexpected sickness which affected the corporate part of America. It mainly came along with a huge change in the field of auditing. The term Auditing can be described in two ways. Accounting: Systematic verification and examination of a company's book of the transaction record, account, physical inspection of inventory by a qualified accountant and other relevant documents. Quality control: Episodic onsite authentication to determine whether or not a recognized quality system is being efficiently implemented. Here the assignment is about auditing, and we are here to discuss the field of auditing after Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002. This mirror part of the act is "Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act." There are also more than one acts that also apply to privately held companies. As a result of SOX, the top management has the responsibilities to certify the exact financial information. If there is any mistake or duplicity in the financial activities, penalties will take place, in spite of this SOX also have increased the over side role of the board of directors, and the auditors who come to do work will get the independence they want. The changes are made by the act in the relationship between the Auditor and the client. There are some cost benefits of this act; they are Compliance costs, benefits to firm and investors, etc. Issues in Auditing An auditing part of a company contains several types of the auditor. Internal auditors are the primary part of the verification section. Also, there have two types of auditors. Those are Government auditors as well as Independent auditors. All employee performance can be reviewed by Internal auditors. The internal auditors always observe the company regulations and the financial system of the company (A handbook for measuring employee performance 2001). They allow leaders of the company to be informed about everything happening in the company and to address any issues or concerns with the company early. But according to one of the recently released reports in the Internal auditors institute, most of them are lack of adequate flexibility to meet the business challenges and any unexpected risks in the business. There are different kinds of issues which confront the internal auditors (Radcliffe 2008). The annual risk assessments become inadequate due to rapidly emerging risks must be un derstood by the chief audit executives (CAEs). They should revise audit plans and inform stakeholders about the changes. The auditors should focus on the areas of the particular organization which is likely to be affected. Traditional, routine risks can be easily identified and are readily assessed but the emerging risks which are not identified before this month or year are one of the hardest risks to be identified and assessed by the auditors. The majority of CAEs said that they update their audit plan once a year or twice a year, but 16 percent of them only believe that this plan audit process is flexible enough to respond to any risks emerging immediately. The internal audit must have a broad view of risks. To identify the document and manage the internal control significantly, a management can be required by the auditor. (Hightower 2009). Thus the auditors must be genuine to management's appraisal of any internal controls entities. This process for assessing the efficiency of c ontrols is not advised by the auditors to begin as early as possible. The field of auditing is highly influenced by this act in the market of US. There are six main areas where the act is most effective since 2002. Oversight board The standards and rules for the audit reports are set on this board. A rule is there that all the companies, accounting firms which must be registered by oversight board. Auditor Independence Auditors now contains a register about non audit service. They will not be able to perform at the time of the audit. The act also says that a firm audit employee must wait one year to become a former client's executive (Damane 2001). Before completed any audit service, it is primary duty for a former firm to wait for one year ti hire new employer. Better Financial Disclosure Transaction as well as relationship which mainly happen to be the off balance sheet which can affect the financial status big time must be closed somehow (Laibstain 1988). Personal loans of corporations to related executive is now strongly restricted. In the annual report, It is cleared that the management is responsible for everything. Internet disclosures variance The interest disclosure can conflict the research analysts who mainly make the offer research reports (LeUSemia Research Reports: Guide for authors 2012). The analyst has to report whether he/she has received any corporate compensation and give securities for the company or not. Company Fraud Accountability Destroying, falsifying, altering the reports or document with the intentional influence of a federal investigation case is subjective to fined for maximum 20 years of incarceration and the fresh audit papers must be keep on hold for five years (Audit work program 2002-2003 2002). The responsibility of the attorney The professional standard which conduct because of the attorneys representing unrestricted companies earlier than SEC. Security must have a communication between him/her and the CEO of the company. The act is very complicated and confusing also. If one don't follow the rules, ROX can get penalties for the work. Current Accounting Standards and their objectives The written statements which consist of rules and regulations issued by the accounting institutions for uniform and consistent financial statements are known as the accounting standards (Oppermann 2001). It contains the terms and conditions of the accounting policies and the practices by the way of codes, adjustments, and guidelines for the interpretation of the items which appear in the financial statements. That makes it easy for their treatment in the books of account. There are various natures of accounting standards. It serves as a guide to the accountants in the accounting process. It also acts like a dictator in the field of accounting. It acts like a dictator because in some areas the accountants have no choice but to opt for those which are stated in the accounting standards. It also acts as a service provider as it helps in comprising the scope of accounting by certain terms and conditions. The accounting standards are not and it also brings uniformity in accounting methods . Thus it acts as a harmonizer (Blumberg 2014). To specific accounting issues, the accounting standards provide and develop solutions on many occasions. The primary emphasis of accounting standards lies on providing accounting information by the process of decision making. There are many purposes for which the accounting standards are needed. Thus there are many objectives of accounting standards. The different objectives of accounting standards are as follows To provide a standard set of accounting policies disclosure requirements and valuation norms based on which financial statements should get ready (Walsh 2001). To make the financial statements more likely to the subjective matter and comparable. To harmonize the diverse accounting policies and practices to ensure standardization in the case of preparing the financial statement (Bragg and Bragg 2007). To enable the scope of comparison of financial statements and this develop the consistency and the value of financial statements. Auditor-Client Relationship The attention of current Congressional, controlling and fiscal statements has been on the matter of earnings superiority besides the quality statements and user discussions. So, that affects the auditor-client relationship as that built as the planned limits on the nation that general auditor occupancy fallouts in auditor satisfaction(McCoy 2010). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 would not execute the compulsory revolution of review organizations(Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002-2003). Inside one year of the passing of the act, it commands a learning of compulsory revolution by the Comptroller General of the UK to be accomplished. In an effort to discourse some questions elaborated in variable markets, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was granted by U.S. Congress as well as it was signed by the President during the summer of 2002(Capital Markets Law Journal - Editorial Board 2015). Among the targeted matters, unique of the significant addressed was the question of auditor's individuality of the clients they inspect. Auditor freedom has frequently been inspected over the previous year everywhere. The nations differ customarily in their different angle of views that auditor's role has been specified, though. Individuality has come in front always nearly common to be between the most important features an accountant can own and one that donates expressively to the dependability of economic information(Financial information 2009). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act helps to solve some of the problemsto auditor individuality under the ISB's intangible agenda (ISB 2001) more efficiently than others. It protects the bondholders and the clients as universal communal from bookkeeping threats and fake practices in the markets. It also increases the accuracy of corporate disclosures(Hollington 2007). Major Elements of Auditor-client relationship effect in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the US: Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB): This title means that it contains nine units and establishments of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. It has been created to provide independent oversight of the auditor. Auditor Individuality: This term involves of nine segments and creates standards for that auditor individuality that are taken externally to limit conflicts of interest(Blay and Geiger 2012). It also provides the new auditor sanction necessities and audit companion revolution, and it also contains the auditor journalism necessities. It doesn't accept inspecting firms from providing non-audit facilities to the similar clients. Corporate Accountability: This label three comprises of eight segments and mandates that the maximum liability of the accuracy and the completeness of corporate financial reports should be taken by the senior executives(Datta, Iskandar-Datta and Singh 2014). 4. Boosted Financial Exposes: This term involves of nine units and defines advanced broadcasting necessities for financial connections, counting preformed figures, off-balance-sheet connections and stock communications of commercial officers(Monthly report on financial transactions 2010). Attention on Analyst Struggles: This term includes unique segment. It consists of the definition of the code of conduct for securities analyst. 6. Instruction Possessions and Consultant: This title includes four segments. It gives the definition of the performs to restore depositor self-assurance in safeties predictors(Trautmann and Hamilton 2001). It also describes circumstances underneath that an individual can't be accepted committed as a negotiator, advisor or dealer. Revisions and Intelligences: This term includes five units. It consists of the belongings of merging of public bookkeeping organizations. Corporate Criminal Fraud Accountability: This title includes six sections. It also called the "White Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement 2002." This section also improves the criminal penalties and conspiracies. Corporate Tax Returns: This title includes only one section, and the company tax return should be signed by the Chief Executive Officer(Basak and Clayman 2005). White Collar Corruption Consequence Improvement: This term includes six units. It is also referred to as the "White Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement Act 2002." It gives a stronger sentencing guidance. Corporate Fraud Accountability: This term includes seven sections. It is also referred to as the "Corporate Fraud Accountability Act of 2002." This section is used to identify the criminal offenses and specifies the penalties under the section 1101. Auditors do the potential measures by over viewing the following points, which includes: The percentage of audit work has been received by the firm The amount fees that has been outsourced for bookkeeping Consulting fees The amount of organizations that has been designed by the CPA mentors for the clients The valuation of the services that a client receives The SOX Act allows various consulting services for the clients and huge auditor independence. Impact of the act on the development of corporate governance rule Business scandals became a major drawback among big public companies between 2000 to 2002. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was created in July of 2002 for restoring the confidence of market investors and also closed all the loopholes with the open companies to defraud the investors. Also, the act may contain some profound effects which can create an effective impact on the corporate governance of United States. All the popular public companies were required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for straightening the audit committees (Braiotta 2004). Also, the act requires for performing a test of internal control as well as for observing the personality of directors. In a financial statement, the act set the personal liability of directors as well as strengthen disclosure. Also, stricter criminal penalties can be established by Sarbanes-Oxley Act to secure public from frauds as well as trained public for operating their business efficiently. One of the practical impact of Sarbanes-Oxley Act in US for straitening audit committees among open or public companies. A wide leverage can be received by the audit committees for taking a decision on overseeing the company's top management. On the primary management division of a company, it is crucial to give full independence to all committee members. The committee members also gain current responsibilities. Some of the responsibilities are- Approving the numerous audit as well as non-audit Manage complaints on the accounting practices of the management selecting and observing external auditors The division 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act contain the costliest part. Public companies are required by that part for performing the test of extensive internal control. It also includes the report on their yearly audit. In the financial reporting, it requires enormous effort as well as external accountants involvement for testing and collecting manual and automatic control. It is also available for IT personnel. The companies which have heavily rely on their manual controls, they faced some burdensome on their compliance cost. To make tough financial position, all companies can be influenced by Sarbanes-Oxley Act (`Financial Position... Strong' 2006). The act also makes the companies more efficient as well as centralized. In financial reporting, Sarbanes-Oxley Act can change the responsibility of entire management. The act mainly required the personal certification of quality managers to finalize their accuracy reports. The top managers may be facing 10 to 20 years in prison for making of false or wrong certification intentionally. If there have occurred any critical situation for a company of US to require accounting restatement due to the misconduct of management, then the top level managers can be forced to give up their profits and bonus as well as allowance. If any director as well as the manager can trap for securities law violation, then he/she can be restricted to lead their job. He can be restricted to do the same job also on different companies. The entire disclosure requirement can be straitened by The Sarbanes-Oxley Act significantly. Any off-balance sheet material can be disclosed for a required arrangement which is required by the public companies (Audits of public companies 2008). Some of the arrangements can be followed- Operating leases Special purposes entities Also, there have a pro forma statements which can also be required to disclosed by the US company. It can be disclosed to determine the accepted accounting principles (GAAP). All the stock transactions can be reported by the insiders for Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which contains maximum two corporate days as well. Punishment, which is named as harsher punishment can be imposed by The Sarbanes-Oxley Act to obstruct the justice as well as to identify and observe the securities fraud. It also obstructs another fraud like- Mail fraud Wire fraud The judgment for the securities fraud can be incensed for 25 years maximum. The prison time for the securities fraud can be increased for 20 years maximum. In the case of mail fraud as well as wire fraud, the perfect punishment can be increased for five years to 20 years in the prison time. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act can also take the fine from public comities for the same offense, and the fine will be increased by depending on the situation. The corporate governance of US public companies can be affected by Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and also the belongings of the act can be reflected the external auditors. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board can be established by the act. The board broadcasts the governance standard for the public accountants on the US based companies (BEDARD 2012). Also, the board can be introduced by the act to restrict their conflict of interest. It requires the main audit partner, whose position can be shifted by each five years on the similar public company. Conclusion There are more than one that comes in the mind while writing the conclusion about SOX and auditing altogether. SOX and auditing are interrelated with each other. One makes changes, and the other one changes itself due to the changefulness of the first one. Here it means that the acts SOX has put a huge impact in the market of accounting which directly or indirectly has changed the auditing market. Especially the US market has been brought a huge change in the field of accounting. The primary ratification of Sarbanes-Oxley Act is not only to identify the main problem context of current situation for US banking as well as finance industry. After the Act had taken place, the government had introduced some key provisions for, Discourage the variance of interest among several players in financial industry. The height of responsibility of corporate US has been increased. Simplicity in business reporting. For the confirmation of SOX makes a fresh enforcement as well as oversight structure for assuring that SOX is correctly explained. However, the people who didnt like SOX seem to have had the last word in this that they have pointed out those SOX are not be able to avoid the financial crisis held on 2008. This debate will go on in the future, but SOX has affected the financial market of US a lot. References `Financial Position... Strong'. (2006).PN, 41(16), pp.12-12. A handbook for measuring employee performance. (2001). [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Office of Personnel Management, Performance Management and Incentive Awards Division. Audit work program 2002-2003. (2002). Canberra: Australian National Audit Office. Audits of public companies. (2008). [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Govt. Accountability Office. Basak, I. and Clayman, M. (2005). Tax Rates and Stock Returns.Investing, 14(4), pp.35-46. BEDARD, J. (2012). Discussion of Audit Partner Specialization and Audit Fees: Some Evidence from Sweden*.Contemporary Accounting Research, 29(1), pp.341-348. Blay, A. and Geiger, M. (2012). Auditor Fees and Auditor Independence: Evidence from Going Concern Reporting Decisions*.Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(2), pp.579-606. Blumberg, D. (2014).Harmonizer. North Charleston, S.C.: CreateSpace Independent Pub. Platform. Bragg, S. and Bragg, S. (2007).Accounting policies and procedures manual. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Braiotta, L. (2004).The audit committee handbook. New York: Wiley. Capital Markets Law Journal - Editorial Board. (2015).Capital Markets Law Journal, 10(2), pp.i2-i2. Damane, M. (2001). Executive Commentary.Academy of Management Executive, 15(3), pp.34-34. Datta, S., Iskandar-Datta, M. and Singh, V. (2014). Opaque financial reports and R2: Revisited.Review of Financial Economics, 23(1), pp.10-17. Financial information. (2009). [Vancouver]: BC Renal Agency. Hightower, R. (2009).Internal controls policies and procedures. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Hollington, R. (2007).Shareholders' rights. London: Sweet Maxwell. Laibstain, S. (1988).Financial statement disclosures. New York, NY: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. LeUSemia Research Reports: Guide for authors. (2012).LeUSemia Research Reports, 1(1), pp.A2-A5. McCoy, N. (2010).The effects of auditor-client relationships, auditor-auditor relationships, and persuasive communication on auditor's objectivity. Monthly report on financial transactions. (2010). [QueÃÅ' bec]: Finances QueÃÅ' bec. Oppermann, H. (2001).Accounting standards. Lansdowne [South Africa]: Juta. Radcliffe, V. (2008). Public secrecy in auditing: What government auditors cannot know.Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 19(1), pp.99-126. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (2003). [Place of publication not identified]: Financial Executives Research Foundation. Trautmann, T. and Hamilton, J. (2001).Informal corporate disclosure under federal securities law. Chicago, IL: CCH Inc. Walsh, A. (2001). Are Market Norms and Intrinsic Valuation Mutually Exclusive?.Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 79(4), pp.525-543.

Nestle Group free essay sample

On Nestle International Ltd MGT: 141 Principal of management Prepared For: Afrins farid Assistant Professor Faculty, Business Administration Prepaid By: Km Iftakharul huq| 12310527| Nusrat jahan| 12310305| Estiaq hasan| 12310312| Israt sharmin| 12310217| Farzana sultana| 12310219| Rakib hasan| 12310532| University of Information Technology amp; Science (UITS) Contents December, 12, 2012 To, Afrins farid Assistant Professor Faculty, Business Administration University Of Information Technology amp; Science Subject: Submission of a report. Dear Madam, With due regards and respect we state that we are very thankful to you as you assigned us this report on ‘’Management in Nestle International Ltd’’. it is a great opportunity for us to acquire the theoretical amp; practical knowledge about five functions of management in Nestle International Ltd which is a reputed multinational organization . we have tried our best to gather what we believe to be The most complete information available. Sincerely THE MANAGER 2. History Nestle the worlds largest food group, not only in terms of its sales but also in terms of its product range and its geographical presence: Nestle covers nearly every field of nutrition: infant formula, milk products, chocolate and confectionery, instant coffee, ice-cream, culinary products, frozen ready-made meals, mineral water etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Nestle Group or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We are also a major producer of pet food. In most of these product groups and in most markets, Nestle is the leader or at least a strong number two. We are a very focused Company, with more than 94 percent of the sales coming from the food and beverage sector. Nestle is present around the globe, on all continents, with around 230,000 people working in more in an 84 countries with 466 factories and with sales representatives in at least another 70 countries. Many of our brand names are familiar to you: Nescafe, Nido, Maggi, Polo, Smartest, Milo, Perrier, Friskies, KitKat, Crunch†¦. Some of our products have broken records: 3,000 cups of Nescafe are consumed every second. and KitKat merited an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the worlds best-selling chocolate bar with 418 KitKat fingers eaten every second around the world! Nestle management provided their employees functionally with good environment, they also influences their employees various facilities like Healthy Salaries, increments. We are acquired more experience to research and analysis this report, that help us future job performance. We create this by Microsoft office 2007. Finally, we thanked those people who are help through valuable information of as. Also thanks our honorable Teacher Afrins farid for her guideline 2. 1Background of the Report: Management is a phenomenon. It is a very popular and widely used term. All organization are involved in management because it helps and directs the various efforts towards a definite purpose. We are student of BBA program, our principal of management Afrins Farid Assigned as to prepare a report on ’Management in Nestle International Ltd’’. We have made a survey for required information in Nestle official site in net. We have selected our topics as ’Management in Nestle International Ltd’’. We have prepared our report on December 07, 2012 which will be submitted by December 12, 2012. . 1. 2Objective: The report aims to provide information on suggest more valuable information a report on ‘Management on Nestle International Ltd’. The objective of Nestle is to gain more market share and become the global market leader in the Food and Nutrition industry. The company has to experience a hardship in order to sustain that position especially to stay ahead of Cadbur y. It is because that Cadbury is being acquired by Kraft food which is the world leader in the chocolate business. Nestles business objective, and that of management and employees at all levels, is to manufacture and market the Company’s products in such a way as to create value that can be sustained over the long term for shareholders, employees, consumers, business partners and the large number of national economies in which Nestle operates; 1. 2 Management. Objectives: The report aims to provide 3Primary employee motivated effected by the Nestle International Ltd though information on suggest more valuable information to how the 1. 2. 1Scope of the study: There is a certain boundary to cover this report. Our particular report only covers on how the ‘Management on Nestle International Ltd’. we mainly focus five function of business amp; managerial skills. 1. 2. 2. Limitation of the study: We are lucky enough to get change to prepare a report on ‘Management on Nestle International Ltd’. We tried heart amp; soul to purpose a well-informed a report. But unfortunates we faced some difficulties’ when preparing this report. We tried to overcome the difficulties. In spite of trying our level best some difficulties that hamper our schedule report work. The employee of regional office of Bangladesh was too busy of their work. For this, they did not sufficient time to fulfill our queries and some of them neglected us to support. 1. 2. 3. Difficulty in collecting data: Many employers of the organization were not well known about all information that we asked them. Many of them also hesitated to answer the questions. These things humped the information collection. 1. INTRODUCTION Nestle with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle and is today the worlds leading nutrition, health and wellness  Company. Sales for 2007 were CHF 107. 6 ban, with a net profit of CHF  10. 6 bn. We employ around 276  050 people and have factories or operations in almost every country in the world. The Companys strategy is guided by several fundamental principles. Nestles existing products grow through innovation and renovation while maintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines. Long-term potential is never sacrificed for short-term performance. The Companys priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives. The Nestle Addresses navigation at the top of this page will give you access to Nestle offices and websites around the world. We demonstrate through our way of doing business in all the countries where we are present a deep understanding of the local nature of nutrition, health and wellness; we know that there is no one single product for everyone our products are tailored to suit tastes and habits wherever you are. 1. 1Nestle at a glance: Nestle S. A. Industry Food processing Founded Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company (1866) Ferine Lactee Henri Nestle (1867) Nestle and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company (1905) Founder(s) Henri Nestle, Charles Page, George Page * Henri Nestle endowed his company with the symbol derived from his name. His family coat of arms, the nest with a mother bird * protecting her young, became the Companys logo and a symbol of the Companys care * and attitude to life-long nutrition. The Nestle nest represents the nourishment, security and sense of family that are so essential to life. * Headquarters Vevey, Switzerland * Area served Worldwide * Key people Peter Brabeck-Letmathe (Chairman) Paul Bulcke (CEO) * Products Baby food, coffee, dairy products, breakfast cereals, confectionery, bottled water, ice cream, pet foods) * Revenue CHF 83. 64  billion (2011) * Operating income CHF 12. 53  billion (2011) * Profit CHF 9. 487  billion (2011) * Total assets CHF 114. 09  billion (2011) * Total equity CHF 58. 27  billion (2011) * Employees 328,000 (2012) * Website www. nestle. com 1. 1. 2 KEY DATES 1866|   | Foundation of Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. | 1867|   | Henry Nestles Infant cereal developed| 1905|   | Nestle and Anglo Swiss Condensed Milk Co. new name after merger)| 1929|   | Merger with Peter, Cailler, Kohler Chocolats Suisses S. A. | 1934|   | Launch of Milo| 1938|   | Launch of Nescafe| 1947|   | Nestle Alimentana S. A. (New name after merger with Maggi)| 1948|   | Launch of Nestea and Nesquik| 1969|   | Vittel (initially equity interest only)| 1971|   | Merger with Ursina-Franck| 1973|   | Stouffer (with Lean Cuisine)| 1974|   | LOreal (associate)| 1977|   | Nestle S. A. (new company name)| |   | Alcon (2002: partial IPO)| | | | 1981|   | Galderma (joint venture with L’Oreal)| 1985|   | Carnation (with Coffee Mate and Friskies)| 986|   | Creation of Nestle Nespresso S. A. | 1988|   | Buitoni-Perugina, Rowntree (with Kit Kat)| 1990|   | Cereal Partners Worldwide (joint venture with General Mills)| 1991|   | Beverage Partners Worldwide (joint venture with Coca-Cola)| 1992|   | Perrier (with Poland Spring)| 1993|   | Creation of Nestle Sources Internationals (2002: Nestle Waters)| 1997|   | Creation of Nutrition Strategic Business Division (2006: Nestle Nutrition)| 1998|   | San Pellegrino and Spillers Pet foods| |   | Launch of Nestle Pure Life | 2000|   | Power Bar| 2001|   | Ralston Purina| 2002|   | Scholler and Chef America|   | Dairy Partners Americas (joint venture with Fonterra)|   |   | Laboratories inneov (joint venture with L’Oreal)| 2003|   | Move pick and Dreyers| 2005|   | Wagner, Proteika and Musashi| 2006|   | Acquisition of Uncle Toby’s and Jenny Craig. Creation of Foodservices Strategic Business Division|   |   | Lactalis Nestle Produits Frais (associate)| |   | Jenny Craig, Uncle Toby’s and Delta Ice Cream| 2007|   | Acquisition of Novartis Medical Nutrition, Gerber and Henniez. |   |   | Re-launch of Foodservices as Nestle Professional. |   |   | Partnership with luxury chocolate maker Pierre Marcolini. 1. 1. 3 Vision Beyond sound nutrition, the future of foods will increasingly be driven by science. Nestle scientists are looking ahead to the foods of the future. Nestle  Ramp;D  is translating nutrition and food science in two ways: * From consumer needs into research priorities * From emerging science into consumer benefits, and services. The vision of Nestle  Ramp;D  is long term. 1. 1. 4 Mission At Nestle, we believe that research can help us to make better food, so t hat people live better life. Good food is the primary source of good health, so we are trying to make good food. To provide fresh and pure products to the customers, we introduced (SHE) Safety, Health and environment policy to protect health of our employs and keep clean our surrounding environment. 3. Senior Management: The executive board, a distinct entity from the board of directors, includes: * Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Nestle S. A. * Paul Buckle, Chief Executive Officer, Nestle S. A. * Werner Bauer, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. , Chief Technology Officer, Head of Innovation, Technology, Research amp; Development * Friz van Dijk, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Asia, Oceania, Africa, Middle East * Chris Johnson, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. United States of America, Canada, Latin America, Caribbean * Jose Lopez, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Operations, GLOBE * John J. Harris, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Chairman amp; CEO of Nestle Waters * Nandu Nandkishore, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. CEO of Nestle Nutrition * James Singh, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Finance and Control, Legal, IP, Tax, Global Nestle Business Services * Laurent Freixe, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Europe * Petraea Heynike, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Strategic Business Units, Marketing, Sales and Nespresso * Marc Caira, Deputy Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Head of Nestle Professional Strategic Business Division * Jean-Marc Duvoisin, Deputy Executive Vice President Nestle S. A. Head of Human Resources and Centre Administration * David P. Frick, Senior Vice President and ex officio Member of the Executive Board Brazil headquarters in Brooklin Novo, Sao Paulo According to a 2006 global survey of online consumers by the Reputation Institute, Nestle has a reputation score of 70. 4 on a scale of 1–100. . 1. Management of Nestle Management of Nestle believes in an open door policy and highly discourages bureaucracy in the operational process. The Organization offers an international and multicultural working climate which is conducive to creativity, innovation and the development of personality, and which gives new employees responsibility at an early stage of their career, and opportunities of fast development of high performers. Nestle is a human company where people are the most important asset and where they can develop their personality and skills to their own and their families satisfaction. Nestle offers a competitive compensation package and social benefits in line with Nestles commitment to high standards. In addition, the organization offers progressive development through on-going training throughout your career. Training possibilities are available to all staff. Nestle recently introduced e-learning in Bangladesh, a web-based programmed for self development. When joining Nestle, your training is not over it is only just the beginning Management is defined as the process of setting and achieving goals through the execution of 5 basic management functions that utilize human, financial and material resources. Efficiently means using resources optimally / best possible use * Effectively means getting the things done/making right decision and implementation 4. PLANNING Planning of Nestle: Planning: Deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next five years, etc. ) and generating plans for action. * Decision Making and the Planning Process Strategic goals Strategic plans Tactical goals Operational goals Operational plans The organization’s mission The Environmental Context †¢ Purpose †¢ Premises †¢ Values †¢ Directions Tactical plans Kinds of organization plan * Strategic Plans * A general plan outlining resource allocation, priorities, and action steps to achieve strategic goals. The plans are set by and for top management. * Tactical Plans * A plan aimed at achieving the tactical goals set by and for middle management. * Operational Plans * Plans that have a short-term focus. These plans are set by and for lower-level managers. 4. 1. 1 Time frame for planning * The Time Dimension of Planning * Is based on the principle of commitment. Planning must provide sufficient time to fulfill the managerial commitments involved. Long-range Plans * Cover present and future strategic issues; normally extend beyond five years in the future. * Intermediate Plans * Usually cover from 1 to 5 years and parallel tactical plans. * Are the principal focuses of organizational planning efforts. * Short-range Plans * Have a time frame of one year or less. * include action plans and reaction (contingency) plan 4. 1. 2Planning Staff * P lanning staff personnel gather information, coordinate planning activities, and take a broader view than individual managers. * Planning Task Force * Created when the organization wants special circumstance addressed. * Board of Directors * Establishes corporate mission and strategy. May engage in strategic planning * Chief Executive Officer * Usually serves as president or chair of the board of directors. Has a major role in the planning process and implements the strategy 4. 1. 3. B arrier to goal setting and planning: 4. 1. 4Policies and strategies in the planning process * They give mid and lower-level managers a good idea of the future plans for each department in an organization. * A framework is created whereby plans and decisions are made. Mid and lower-level management may add their own plans to the businesss strategies.. Organizing: (Implementation)pattern of relationships among workers, making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans. Nestle has a Board of Directors, led by our Chairman Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, who was the former Nestle CEO. There are 14 members of the Board of Directors. Full details of each member and the committees that they operate within can be found in our Board of Directors section. The day to day management of the Nestle business is taken care of by our Executive Board members. The 13 designated Board Members manage diverse parts of the global business and a full curriculum vital of each member can be found in the Executive Board section. In addition to how our managers carry out their work as leaders, Nestle pragmatically implements The following organizational principles: †¢ Being as decentralized as possible to optimally respond to the needs of consumers, within the framework defined by our fundamental policies, strategic directions and operational efficiencies †¢ Ensuring collaboration of all Nestle businesses and compliance with Nestle principles, policies And standards (Nestle in the Market approach) Building and maintaining a structure which assures operational speed, with a strong focus on results and removing unnecessary obstacles. †¢ Establishing flat and flexible organizations with minimal levels of management and broad spans of control, which also enable people development. †¢ Setting a shared vision and common goals to lever age the strength of people and organizational alignment. †¢ Defining clear levels of responsibility. Teamwork does not affect the manager’s duty towards his/her people and business results . A team must always have a leader who assumes full responsibility 4. 2. 1. A Mutual commitment: Living up to the Nestle Management and Leadership Principles is a commitment and a responsibility for everyone in our Company. To be effective, engaging and inspiring, all Nestle people must â€Å"walk the talk† and lead by example in their daily work; in this context, actions speak louder than words. Therefore, at Nestle, in addition to professional skills – and regardless of origin, nationality, religion, race, gender, sexual orientation and age – the capacity and willingness to live up to these principles are the key criteria’s for progressing within the organization 5. Staffing: Job analysis, recruitment and hiring for appropriate jobs. Staffing involves: -Manpower planning -Recruitment selection amp; placement -training amp; development 5. 1. Training: Process of altering employee behavior amp; attitudes in a way that increases the probability of goal attainment * The most common topics covered in cultural training include: Social| history | Politics| Business| customs| Economics| | | | | Training and development is the field which is concerned with organizational activity aimed at bettering the performance of individuals and groups in organizational  settings. It has been known by several names, including  employee development,  human resource development, and  learning and development. Major types of cross-cultural training programs Environmental Briefings Cultural Orientation Language Training Cultural Assimilators Sensitivity Training Field Experience Orientation amp; Training Programs at Nestle Formal Orientation Local Training International Training Literacy Training Nestle Apprenticeship Program International Training Nestle’s success in growing local companies in each country has been highly influenced by the functioning of its international Training Centre, Switzerland. International Training: Classes are carefully composed to include people with a range of geographic and functional backgrounds. Typically a class contains 15–20 nationalities. The Centre delivers some 70 courses. Attended by about 1700 managers each year from over 80 countries. Only 25% of the teaching is done by outside professionals, as the primary faculty is the Nestle senior management. Its providing services for over 30 years. Managers from around the world to learn from senior Nestle managers and from each other. Country managers decide who attends which course. The programs can be broadly divided into two groups: 1. Management courses 2. Executive courses Training and trainer around the world: Local 1. DMBP: Distribution Management Best Practice. Trainer: Anirban Basu, Nestle India. 2. FMBP: Field Management Best Practice. Trainer: Ziaul Hafiz, Nestle Bangladesh. 3. DMBP plus: Distribution Management Best Practice. Trainer: Anirban Basu, Nestle India. Managing Partner: Good to Better. Trainer: Anirban Basu, Nestle India. International 1. SDS: SAR (South Asian Region) Distributor Solution (Distribution Management System), Chennai, India, 2009. 5. 2Findings amp; Recommendation Nestle said that from the factory floor to the top management, training at Nestle is continuous. And because it is mainly given by Nestle people, it is always relevant to your professional life. Approach is unique in many ways: * It reflects the companys decentralized nature. Whichever country you are working in, you will be given the knowledge and tools you need to respond to local needs * It encourages you to broaden your horizons, by working with people from many different countries and cultures in the course of your career For international assignment Preliminary Visits Preliminary trip of host country Accept or reject the assignment based on experience Language Training Host country language skills and adjustment: improves expatriate’s effectiveness and negotiating ability, info of host country, social support * Role of English language Knowledge of corporate language: a common company language –English Practical Assistance Adaptation to new environment, assist in relocation 6. Leading/directing: Determining what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it. Nestle managers at all levels are more with leading and inspiring people to add value to the Company and society rather than with exercising formal authority. This ca lls for a high personal commitment of each employee and a common mindset geared towards results. In an increasingly dynamic world, leaders face Significant challenges and opportunities. These stem from shifts to new social patterns and unprecedented worldwide competition. Achieving ongoing success requires that each Nestle leader understands the context and capitalizes on it, as described in the following principles: Lead to win †¢ Has built credibility as a result of coherent action, leadership and achievement. †¢ Is able to think from different perspectives and to create a climate of innovation. This implies openness to risk and the possibility of making mistakes, but also the willingness to correct and learn from them. †¢ Believes in the importance of alignment and management of expectations. Has broad interests, a good general Education, responsible behavior as well as a balanced lifestyle. Manage for results †¢ Embraces personal commitment and courage in execution. This includes the capacity and the willingness to take initiatives and risks while maintaining composure under pressure. †¢ Values proactive cooperation in order to create sy nergies at local, regional and global levels. †¢ Embraces change and is able to implement it and manage its consequences. †¢ Believes in achieving business objectives rooted in compliance and sustainable practices. Grow talent and teams Has a passion for building and sustaining an environment where people have a sense of personal commitment to their work and give their best to promote our Company’s success. †¢ Cares for and develops the leaders of tomorrow through addressing all areas that Allow them to progress in their work and to expand their capabilities. †¢ Understands the importance of continuous learning and improvement, as well as sharing knowledge and ideas freely with others. †¢ Is committed to giving and receiving honest, accurate and timely feedback, including performance evaluation, in a climate of mutual respect . Believes in the importance of building diverse teams, and promotes the advantages of gender balance. Compete and connect exte rnally †¢ Constantly looks for ways to satisfy our consumers and customers while attracting new ones in unique and compelling ways. †¢ Displays curiosity and open-mindedness as well as a high level of interest in other cultures and lifestyles. †¢ Believes in openness and dialogue with outside stakeholders about future trends in society, technology, consumer habits, and business opportunities. Understands the external impact of our operations and, as a result, proactively seeks to engage and partner with the community, authorities, shareholders and other stakeholders. Strategic leadership To force the businesses to become more efficent To crete a regional manufacturing network To integrate the company ‘s business on a global scale 7. Controlling/monitoring: * Types of Controls 1. Areas of Control 1. Physical resources—inventory management, quality control, and equipment control. 2. Human resources—selection and placement, training and development, p erformance appraisal, and compensation. . Information resources—sales and marketing forecasts, environmental analysis, public relations, production scheduling, and economic forecasting. 4. Financial resources—managing capital funds and cash flow, collection and payment of debts. Strategic control Structural control Operations control Financial control * The Purpose of Control 2. Control is one of the four basic management functions. The control function, in turn, has four basic purposes. Adapt to environmental change Limit the accumulation of error Control helps the organization Cope with organizational complexity Minimize costs Steps of controlling process: Establish standards Measure performance Compare performance against standards Maintain the status quo Correct the deviation Change standards Determine need for corrective action 2 1 4 3 Checking progress against plans. 1. The regulation of organizational activities so that some targeted element of performance remains within acceptable limits. 2. Provides organizations with indications of how well they are performing in relation to their goals. 3. Control provides a mechanism for adjusting performance to keep organizations moving in the right direction. Basic roles Category Role Example Interpersonal Figure head Leader Liaison Representing the org. Motivating employees Coordinating activities Informational Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson Scanning industry reports Sending memos Making speech Decisional Entrepreneur Disturbance handler Resource allocator Negotiator Developing new ideas Resolving conflict Examining budgets Pursuing agreements * Interpersonal: roles that involve coordination and interaction with employees. * Informational: roles that involve handling, sharing, and analyzing information. * Decisional: roles that require decision-making. 8. Management skills: * Political: used to build a power base and establish connections. * Conceptual: used to analyze complex situations. A conceptual skill is the ability to imagine the integration and coordination of the parts of an organization – all its processes and systems. A manager needs conceptual skills to see how factors are interrelated, to understand the impact of any action on the other aspects of the organization and to plan long range. * Interpersonal: used to communicate, motivate, mentor and delegate. * Diagnostic: ability to visualize most appropriate response to a situation. Technical: Expertise in ones particular functional area. Technical skills are the knowledge of and ability to use the processes, practices, techniques or tools of a specialty responsibility area. E. g. accountants, engineers, salespersons, etc. Implementation of policies and strategies * All policies and strategies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff. * Managers must understand where and how they can implement their policies and strategies. * A plan of action must be devised for each department. * Policies and strategies must be reviewed regularly. Contingency plans must be devised in case the environment changes. * Assessments of progress ought to be carried out regularly by top-level managers. * A good environment and team spirit is required within the business. * The missions, objectives, strengths and weaknesses of each department must be analyzed to determine their roles in achieving the businesss mission. * The forecasting method develops a reliable picture of the businesss future environment. * A planning unit must be created to ensure that all plans are consistent and that policies and strategies are aimed at achieving the same mission and objectives. . Levels of management Most organizations have three management levels: first-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. [These managers are classified in a hierarchy of authority, and p erform different tasks. In many organizations, the number of managers in every level resembles a pyramid. Each level is explained below in specifications of their different responsibilities and likely job titles. 9. 1. Top-level managers Consists of board of directors, president, vice-president, CEOs, etc. They are responsible for controlling and overseeing the entire organization. They develop goals, strategic plans, company policies, and make decisions on the direction of the business. In addition, top-level managers play a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources and are accountable to the shareholders and general public. According to Lawrence S. Kleiman, the following skills are needed at the top managerial level * Broadened understanding of how: competition, world economies, politics, and social trends effect organizational effectiveness. The role of the top management can be summarized as follows * Top management lays down the objectives and broad policies of the enterprise. It issues necessary instructions for preparation of department budgets, procedures, schedules etc. * It prepares strategic plans amp; policies for the enterprise. * It appoints the executive for middle level i. e. departmental managers. * It controls amp; coordinates the activities of all the departments. * It is also responsible for maintaining a contact with the ou tside world. * It provides guidance and direction. * The top management is also responsible towards the shareholders for the performance of the enterprise. 9. 1. 1Middle-level managers Consist of general managers, branch managers and department managers. They are accountable to the top management for their departments function. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. Their roles can be emphasized as executing organizational plans in conformance with the companys policies and the objectives of the top management, they define and discuss information and policies from top management to lower management, and most importantly they inspire and provide guidance to lower level managers towards better performance. Some of their functions are as follows: * Designing and implementing effective group and intergroup work and information systems. Defining and monitoring group-level performance indicators. * Diagnosing and resolving problems within and among work groups. * Designing and implementing reward systems supporting cooperative behavior. 9. 1. 2. First-level managers Consist of supervisors, section leads, foremen, etc. They focus on controlling and directing. They usually have the responsibility of assigning empl oyees tasks, guiding and supervising employees on day-to-day activities, ensuring quality and quantity production, making recommendations, suggestions, and up channeling employee problems, etc. First-level managers are role models for employees that provide: * Basic supervision. * Motivation. * Career planning. * Performance feedback. Factors that influence a manager to fit in one of the style: * The task that is being undertaken * The traditions of the organization * The type of Labor Force * The size of the group * The personality of the Leader * Personalities * Time 10. The Nestle factories are operating in the region of: 1. Africa 2. America 3. Asia 4. Europe 5. Oceania Being a company dedicated to food from the beginning, Nestle remains ensitive to culinary and eating habits, and responds to specific nutritional problems, whilst also setting and matching new trends such as growing out-of-home consumption and caring about the wellbeing of its consumers. * Zone Asia, Oceania and Africa gt; 6. 6% organic growth, strong performance in most emerging markets gt; Japan continued to suffer deflation but achieved positive RIG, With good performances in Soluble coffee and Chocol ate gt; China slow due to product exchange in Dairy, but on improving trend gt; South Asia, Africa and Middle East amongst the highlights 0. 1Nestle Focus in Bangladesh Nestle is the worlds leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company. In Bangladesh we have Maggi noodles and soups, breakfast cereal, Nescafe, coffee mate, baby food, milk and a seasoning. However, worldwide we have more than 10000 products in different variants. As of today, we employ over 276,000 people across more than 500 state-of-the-art facilities around the world. But it was never our ambition to be the biggest at what we do it was our ambition to be the best. That sums up what we mean by Nestle Focus. It means we also appreciate that size and success are nothing without the finer details such as genuine care for our consumers, a commitment to our people and a wider sense of responsibility towards our customers, suppliers and our communities. When you work for us, youll see the difference that makes at every stage. It will mean becoming part of an organization which can offer you subsidiary of Nestle S. A. whatever you want from your career. Nestle Bangladesh Limited started its first commercial production in Bangladesh in 1994. In 1998. Nestle S. A. ook over the remaining 40% share from our local partner when Nestle Bangladesh became a fully owned Nestle Bangladeshs vision is to be recognized as the most successful food and drink Company in Bangladesh, generating sustainable, profitable growth and continuously improving results to the benefit of shareholders and employees. Our factory is situated at Sripur, 55 km north of Dhaka, the factory produces instant noodles, cereals and r epacks milks, soups, beverages and infant nutrition products. Today Nestle Bangladesh Ltd. is a strongly positioned organization. The Company will continue to grow through our policy of constant innovation and renovation, concentrating on our core competencies and our commitment to high quality, with the aim of providing the best quality food to the people of Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, Nestle started its operation in 1994 and its factory is situated in Sreepur, Gazipur. Nestle Bangladesh directly employs more than 650 people and more than 1000 people are employed by suppliers and distributors in connection to Nestle. Our products in Bangladesh are Nido, Nescafe, Maggi noodles and soup, breakfast Cereals, Coffee-Mate, Nestea, Nesfruta ,Nesfrappe and many more. Nestle is present around the globe, on all continents, with around 230,000 people working in more in an 84 countries with 466 factories and with sales representatives in at least another 70 countries. Nestle is the worlds largest food group, not only in terms of its sales but also in terms of its product range and its geographical presence. Nestle covers nearly every field of nutrition: infant formula, milk products, chocolate and confectionery, instant coffee, ice-cream, culinary products, frozen ready-made meals, mineral water etc. Nestle is a focused company, with more than 94 percent of the sales coming from the food and beverage sector. Did you know 3,000 cups of Nescafe are consumed every second? KitKat merited an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the worlds best-selling chocolate bar with 418 KitKat fingers eaten every second around the world! 10. 2 Selected awards, certifications and rankings * In May 2006, Nestle’s executive board decided to adapt the existing Nestle management systems to full conformity with the international standards ISO 14001 (Environmental Management Systems) and OHSAS 18001 (Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems), and to certify all Nestle factories against these standards by 2010. In the meanwhile a lot of the Nestle factories have obtained these certifications. For instance, Nestle’s three factories in Japan (Himeji factory: Hyogo Prefecture, Shimada factory: Shizuoka Prefecture and Kasumigaura factory: Ibaraki Prefecture) have each obtained ISO standard certifications: ISO14001, ISO 22000 (Food Safety Management Systems) and OHSAS 18001 as of the end of December, 2008. * In 2009, Nestle Waters earned a sixth LEED certification. The certification was given by the U. S. Green Building Councils Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design which the company become its first recipient. It highlights the environmentally conscious elements of the facility which enables them to receive the certification. * Nestle Purina received in 2010 the Malcolm Balding National Quality Award for their excellence in the areas of leadership, customer and market focus, strategic planning, process management, measurement, analysis and knowledge management, workforce focus and results * In September 2011, Nestle occupied 19th position in the Universal’s global ranking of Best Employers Worldwide. According to a survey by Universal Communications Nestle was in 2011 the best employer to work for in Switzerland. Based on independent research by the Corporate Research Foundation Institute, Nestle (South Africa) has been certified in 2011 as a Best Employer in South Africa. * Nestle USA has been recognized by Business Week magazine as one of the Best Places to Launch a Career. Business Week ranked Nestle USA #25 on their annual list of the best companies for new college graduates to launch their careers. * For the twelfth consecutive year, Fortune Magazine included in 2011 Nestle in their list of The 10 Most Admired Companies in the World. Nestle won in 2011 the Stockholm Industry Water Award for its leadership and performance to improve water management in its internal operations and throughout its supply chain. * The International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST) honored Nestle in 2010 with the Global Food Industry Award. * In May 2011, Nestle won the 27th World Environment Center (WEC) Gold Medal award for its commitment to environmental sustainability. * In 2011, Nestle Malaysia won an award of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants for their Sustainability Reporting. On 19 April 2012, The Great Place to Work ® Institute Canada mentioned Nestle Canada Inc. as one of the 50 Best Large and Multinational Workplaces in Canada (with more than 1,000 employees working in Canada and/or worldwide). * In April 2012, Nestle obtained an A+ r ating from the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) for their global annual report on Creating Shared Value. To reach A+ the company provided new data in their annual report on a number of criteria such as human rights, diversity and gender, climate change, biodiversity and corruption. Nestle was the first food and Beverage Company to achieve an A+ rating from the GRI for a global sustainability report. * On 21 May 2012, Gartner published their annual Supply Chain Top 25, a list with global supply chain leaders. Nestle ranks 18th in the list. Address: Nestle Bangladesh Ltd. Address: Gulshan Tower, Plot # 31, Road # 53, Gulshan North C/A City:Dhaka Location:Gulshan Phone:+880-2-9882759 Ext-255 Category: Milk Products Produce: For tetra Ltd 9, Prince Street P. O. Box-92032 Oakland, Newlands Nestle consumer service Post box no-11037, Uttra,Dhaka Care line number: 01730637853 0800217777 e-mail:concumer. [emailprotected] nestle. com

Free Essays on Symbolism In Faulkners Barn Burning

Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† takes place in the Deep South during the 19th Century and is a story about the relationship between a father and son. A father with a need to burn the barns of aristocrats resulting in dragging his family down with him; along with his knowledgeable son. This story presents itself through a lot of symbolism linked to Christianity. The first and main symbolism is fire. The meaning of the fire is taking into many ways, the character’s personality and the Biblical beliefs. Abner is very much like the fires he sets, uncontrollable and destroy anything in its way, having respect for nothing. Abner’s son, Sarty, attempts to put out the fire inside of Abner because he’s sick of what his father is doing to the family and forcing them to share his punishments. Faulkner kind of writes this story as a moralist, portraying why a sensible approach to hardship and disappointments are essential in life to avoid someone’s problems to get so bad that it devours them like an inferno. But fire can be seen not only as destruction but also as a way to purify. It cleans out what was there before, leaving ashes to make new soil and a new land. Fire was present when God spoke to individuals in the Bible. When God chose to speak to Moses, "... the angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire out of a bush; he looked, and the bush was blazing, yet it was not consumed" ( Exodus 3:2). 1 Kings 18:24 speaks also of God communicating to people by fire, "'Then you call on the name of your god and I will call on the name of the Lord; the god who answers by fire is indeed God.' All the people answered, 'Well spoken!'" Christianity, in addition to the tradition contained within the Hebrew Bible, also refers to fire in the New Testament. Before the beginning of Jesus' ministry, John the Baptist was asked quite frequently if he was the messiah. In Luke 3:16, "John answered all of them by saying, 'I baptize you with water; b... Free Essays on Symbolism In Faulkner's Barn Burning Free Essays on Symbolism In Faulkner's Barn Burning Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† takes place in the Deep South during the 19th Century and is a story about the relationship between a father and son. A father with a need to burn the barns of aristocrats resulting in dragging his family down with him; along with his knowledgeable son. This story presents itself through a lot of symbolism linked to Christianity. The first and main symbolism is fire. The meaning of the fire is taking into many ways, the character’s personality and the Biblical beliefs. Abner is very much like the fires he sets, uncontrollable and destroy anything in its way, having respect for nothing. Abner’s son, Sarty, attempts to put out the fire inside of Abner because he’s sick of what his father is doing to the family and forcing them to share his punishments. Faulkner kind of writes this story as a moralist, portraying why a sensible approach to hardship and disappointments are essential in life to avoid someone’s problems to get so bad that it devours them like an inferno. But fire can be seen not only as destruction but also as a way to purify. It cleans out what was there before, leaving ashes to make new soil and a new land. Fire was present when God spoke to individuals in the Bible. When God chose to speak to Moses, "... the angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire out of a bush; he looked, and the bush was blazing, yet it was not consumed" ( Exodus 3:2). 1 Kings 18:24 speaks also of God communicating to people by fire, "'Then you call on the name of your god and I will call on the name of the Lord; the god who answers by fire is indeed God.' All the people answered, 'Well spoken!'" Christianity, in addition to the tradition contained within the Hebrew Bible, also refers to fire in the New Testament. Before the beginning of Jesus' ministry, John the Baptist was asked quite frequently if he was the messiah. In Luke 3:16, "John answered all of them by saying, 'I baptize you with water; b...

A Critique of Personality Fit in NASCAR Assignment

A Critique of Personality Fit in NASCAR - Assignment Example (1), Pp. 25-35. The study was carried out in an attempt to determine whether the personality fit between the drivers of NASCAR and their major sponsors affects the outcome of consumer attitudes in terms of sponsorships to the sponsor. The study also intended to determine whether the consumer attitudes towards the brand and the purchase intentions are affected by the personality fit between drivers and their sponsors. A literature review on NASCAR was carried out and it was noted that all fans of NASCAR normally choose their favourite driver based on the driver’s personality. It was also noted that the drivers are normally used as brand endorsers and they normally represent the brands of their sponsors. The review also notes that the drivers are normally branded with the brand name of their sponsors in that their uniforms, helmets and their cars bear the names of the brands. A theoretical framework was also presented in relation to event sponsorship and celebrity endorsements. The hypothesis adopted by the researchers is related to the congruence theory and they noted that people are more likely to process, store and remember information if it is related to information they have seen before. The hypothesis used in this study suggests that the response of customers to advertisements or sponsorships is significantly affected by the similarity of the endorser and the brand personality.